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AbstractWhile suburban areas have been typically related with urban sprawl, low density, cheap land price and low‐end manufacturing industries, relatively little attention has been paid to the spatial organization of innovation in suburban areas. In some Chinese cities, development zones (kai fa qu) in their suburban areas which are generally regarded as major spaces for traditional manufacturing industries have been transforming into spaces for innovation. This paper provides a case study of Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province in Eastern China by investigating and explaining the learning and innovation processes in suburban development zones. Drawing upon a unique database on 733 state‐certified high‐tech firms in Nanjing from 2008 to 2012 which contains detailed information on their addresses and number of patents, we observe strong spatial disparity in the distribution of innovation. Suburban districts of Nanjing where its three national‐level development zones and many provincial‐level development zones are located have become major spaces for innovation of the city. The planning of industrial clusters in development zones, the place‐based investment in the suburbs, and the suburbanization of universities are three major mechanisms behind the learning and innovation processes in Nanjing's suburban development zones.

U.S. Government operations between 1940-1950 brought unprecedented direct and indirect employment opportunities to San Diego, exacerbating an already growing housing shortage. To accommodate the thousands of new defense workers, the government produced the largest defense housing project to date in the small neighborhood of Linda Vista. However, this opportunity and largesse was extended primarily to a select group of white working-class families who had access to defense jobs and, consequently, subsidized housing. Military presence in San Diego during World War II shaped the design of homes and exclusively allocated housing, as both shelter and financial instrument, to white working-class families through restrictive racial policy and practice at the start of WWII to create the ideal white-middle class citizen. Racial minorities were excluded by the federal government and unable to take advantage of plumbing or heating services offered by a house due to an absence of unit design at their disposal. Government presence but limited progressive intervention in the housing industry created the circumstances to maintain a housing crisis rather than fix the problem that disproportionately affected racial minorities. This instance is clear with the intersectionality of the military, private corporations, racial construction and housing development in Linda Vista that created a thriving suburbia for white families. Due to systemic and institutionalized racism, Linda Vista never would have been accessible to all due to racial segregation within private companies sanctioned by public officials. With heterogeneous facades and homogenous floor plans, Linda Vista Defense Housing produced white middle-class citizens out of wartime workers.

This paper is a synthesis of existing research in the areas of suburban development, municipal infrastructure and embodied energy analysis. A considerable amount of interest has been generated in the area of neotraditional development, which is now popularly referred to as "new urbanism ". Instead of low-density, single-family housing development seasoned with intermittent strip-malls and box stores, the emphasis is on construction of compact, mixed-use development. New urbanism strives to enhance the feeling of community and significantly reduce the transportation distances to key uses. Consequently, energy efficiency is higher due to lower transportation and infrastructure demands. While the u.s. has led the way in these types of innovative developments, Ontario examples such as Montgomery Village near Orangeville and Cornell in Markham show that this concept has applicability to Canadian municipalities. Existing research has focussed on how new urbanism affects municipal infrastructure needs, and the positive impact upon municipal capital and operating budgets. Tied to this is the equally positive impact of energy requirements, both in terms of embodied energy for elements such as roadways and water pipes, and also operating energy for infrastructure service provision. The issue of energy savings in suburban design has received relatively little attention in the technical literature or in governmental policy development. In this paper, infrastructure requirements for both sprawl and compact development have been analyzed for a range of municipal infrastructure elements. The analyses have been conducted for representative Canadian conditions. The results show that considerable energy savings can be realized with new urbanism designs, along with the related benefits of improved air quality and reduced municipal spending in tough fiscal times. The results of this research can assist policy makers by providing information on the energy savings realized from more efficient infrastructure provision in new urbanism developments.

More than half the world's population now live in urban settlements. Worldwide, cities are expanding at their fringe to accommodate population growth. Low-density residential development, urban sprawl, and car dependency are common, contributing to physical inactivity and obesity. However, urban design and planning can modify urban form and enhance health by improving access to healthy food, public transport, and services. This study used a sequential mixed methods approach to investigate associations between food outlet access and body mass index (BMI) across urban-growth and established areas of Melbourne, Australia, and identify factors that influence local food environments. Population survey data for 3141 adults were analyzed to examine associations, and 27 interviews with government, non-government, and private sector stakeholders were conducted to contextualize results. Fast food density was positively associated with BMI in established areas and negatively associated in urban-growth areas. Interrelated challenges of car dependency, poor public transport, and low-density development hampered healthy food access. This study showed how patterns of suburban development influence local food environments and health outcomes in an urbanized city context and provides insights for other rapidly growing cities. More nuanced understandings of the differential effect of food environments within cities have potential to guide intra-city planning for improving health and reducing inequities.

More than half the world&rsquo ; s population now live in urban settlements. Worldwide, cities are expanding at their fringe to accommodate population growth. Low-density residential development, urban sprawl, and car dependency are common, contributing to physical inactivity and obesity. However, urban design and planning can modify urban form and enhance health by improving access to healthy food, public transport, and services. This study used a sequential mixed methods approach to investigate associations between food outlet access and body mass index (BMI) across urban-growth and established areas of Melbourne, Australia, and identify factors that influence local food environments. Population survey data for 3141 adults were analyzed to examine associations, and 27 interviews with government, non-government, and private sector stakeholders were conducted to contextualize results. Fast food density was positively associated with BMI in established areas and negatively associated in urban-growth areas. Interrelated challenges of car dependency, poor public transport, and low-density development hampered healthy food access. This study showed how patterns of suburban development influence local food environments and health outcomes in an urbanized city context and provides insights for other rapidly growing cities. More nuanced understandings of the differential effect of food environments within cities have potential to guide intra-city planning for improving health and reducing inequities.